EXPERIMENT NO. 7
CALORIMETRY
OBJECTIVES
To compute the heat capacity of a styrofoam-cup calorimeter
To compute the heat of neutralization of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid and 1.0 M sodium hydroxide, the heat of dilution of concentrated sulfuric acid, and the heat of solution of solid ammonium chloride
CONCLUSION
heat capacity of a styrofoam-cup calorimeter
(write the computation here)
heat of neutralization
(write the computation here)
GAS LAWS
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
GAS LAWS
OBJECTIVES
To demonstrate the combined gas law
To compute the molar mass of ammonia by using Grahams law of diffusion
CONCLUSION
Conclusion of this experiment no. 6 about gas laws can be stated that the combined gas law combines Charles’s law, Boyle’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law. These laws each relate one thermodynamic variable to another mathematically while holding everything else constant. Charles’s law states that volume and temperature are directly proportional to each other as long as pressure is held constant. Boyle's law asserts that pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other at fixed temperature. Finally, Gay-Lussac's law introduces a direct proportionality between temperature and pressure as long as it is at a constant volume.
Grahams law of diffusion states that the rates of diffusion for gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their molar masses under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. The rate of diffusion is equal to the distance traveled divided by the time of travel of the gas. Since temperatures are equal to each other, we can wire the equation as:
M d
=
M d
We can substitute the chemical equation HCl + NH ® NH Cl and simplify the equation as and compute for the experimental Molar Mass of Ammonia.
MHCl(dHCl)² 36.46g/mol (12.3cm)²
MNH = = = 17.60 g/mol
(dNH )² (17.7cm)²
The computed experimental Molar Mass of the ammonia is 17.60 g/mol and the given molar mass of hydrogen chloride is 36.46 g/mol. The ammonia traveled on the glass tubing longer distance because the mass of the hydrogen chloride is heavier compared to the mass of ammonia.
GAS LAWS
OBJECTIVES
To demonstrate the combined gas law
To compute the molar mass of ammonia by using Grahams law of diffusion
CONCLUSION
Conclusion of this experiment no. 6 about gas laws can be stated that the combined gas law combines Charles’s law, Boyle’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law. These laws each relate one thermodynamic variable to another mathematically while holding everything else constant. Charles’s law states that volume and temperature are directly proportional to each other as long as pressure is held constant. Boyle's law asserts that pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other at fixed temperature. Finally, Gay-Lussac's law introduces a direct proportionality between temperature and pressure as long as it is at a constant volume.
Grahams law of diffusion states that the rates of diffusion for gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their molar masses under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. The rate of diffusion is equal to the distance traveled divided by the time of travel of the gas. Since temperatures are equal to each other, we can wire the equation as:
M d
=
M d
We can substitute the chemical equation HCl + NH ® NH Cl and simplify the equation as and compute for the experimental Molar Mass of Ammonia.
MHCl(dHCl)² 36.46g/mol (12.3cm)²
MNH = = = 17.60 g/mol
(dNH )² (17.7cm)²
The computed experimental Molar Mass of the ammonia is 17.60 g/mol and the given molar mass of hydrogen chloride is 36.46 g/mol. The ammonia traveled on the glass tubing longer distance because the mass of the hydrogen chloride is heavier compared to the mass of ammonia.
STOICHIOMETRY
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
STOICHIOMETRY
OBJECTIVES
1. To differentiate limiting reactant and excess reactant
2. To compute the theoretical yield and the percent yield of a chemical reaction.
CONCLUSION
Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical reactions. In this experiment, we can conclude that Limiting reactant is the reactant in a chemical reaction that limits the amount of product that can be formed. Therefore, whenever all of the limiting reactant is consumed, the reaction will stop. The chemical reaction that remains when a reaction stops and the limiting reactant is completely consumed is called Excess Reactant. The Excess reactant remains because there is nothing with which it can react.
Theoretical Yield of a reaction is the amount of product that would be formed if the reaction went to completion. It is calculated from the balanced equation based on the amount of reactants used. First, you must balance the reaction and determine the stoichiometry or ratios of reactants to products. Then assume that each reactant is a limiting reactant and compute the amount of product. Next, determine which reactant is limiting, this has a smaller amount of product. Lastly, calculate the grams of product corresponding to the number of moles expected by converting the moles to grams.
To compute the percent yield, divide the actual yield, amount based on the experiment, by the theoretical yield, computed product, and multiply the product by 100%. Percent yield is the efficiency of a chemical reaction.
STOICHIOMETRY
OBJECTIVES
1. To differentiate limiting reactant and excess reactant
2. To compute the theoretical yield and the percent yield of a chemical reaction.
CONCLUSION
Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical reactions. In this experiment, we can conclude that Limiting reactant is the reactant in a chemical reaction that limits the amount of product that can be formed. Therefore, whenever all of the limiting reactant is consumed, the reaction will stop. The chemical reaction that remains when a reaction stops and the limiting reactant is completely consumed is called Excess Reactant. The Excess reactant remains because there is nothing with which it can react.
Theoretical Yield of a reaction is the amount of product that would be formed if the reaction went to completion. It is calculated from the balanced equation based on the amount of reactants used. First, you must balance the reaction and determine the stoichiometry or ratios of reactants to products. Then assume that each reactant is a limiting reactant and compute the amount of product. Next, determine which reactant is limiting, this has a smaller amount of product. Lastly, calculate the grams of product corresponding to the number of moles expected by converting the moles to grams.
To compute the percent yield, divide the actual yield, amount based on the experiment, by the theoretical yield, computed product, and multiply the product by 100%. Percent yield is the efficiency of a chemical reaction.
CHANGES OF MATTER AND ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
CHANGES OF MATTER AND ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
OBJECTIVES
1. To compare a physical change and a chemical change
2. To illustrate the law of conservation of mass
3. To differentiate the different types of chemical reactions
CONCLUSION
In performing the 4th experiment, Changes of Matter and Energy Transformation, I conclude that Matter can be Physically or Chemically change. In Physical change of matter, it only change the extensive property of matter while in Chemical change, changes occur on the intensive property of matter and forming a new and different product.
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that the mass of substances in a closed system will remain constant no matter what processes are acting inside the system. Matter may change form, it can neither be created or destroyed thus the mass of the reactants must always be equal to the mass of the products.
Chemical reactions can be place into 4 general categories naming Combination, Decomposition, Single Replacement and Double Replacement.
In Combination, also known as synthesis, 2 or more element or compounds combine to form a more complex substance while in Decomposition, a compound or complex substance is broken down into two or more elements or/and compounds. Combination and Decomposition is the exact opposite or each other.
Single replacement / Substitution / Single displacement is a reaction in which a free element, more active than the element to be replaced, replaces another element is a compound. In Double replacement / Metathesis / Double displacement / Double decomposition, two compounds exchange metallic and nonmetallic portions to form two new compounds.
General Forms
Combination Decomposition Substitution Metathesis
A + B ® C C ® A + B A + BC ® B + AC AB + CD ® AD + CB
CHANGES OF MATTER AND ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
OBJECTIVES
1. To compare a physical change and a chemical change
2. To illustrate the law of conservation of mass
3. To differentiate the different types of chemical reactions
CONCLUSION
In performing the 4th experiment, Changes of Matter and Energy Transformation, I conclude that Matter can be Physically or Chemically change. In Physical change of matter, it only change the extensive property of matter while in Chemical change, changes occur on the intensive property of matter and forming a new and different product.
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that the mass of substances in a closed system will remain constant no matter what processes are acting inside the system. Matter may change form, it can neither be created or destroyed thus the mass of the reactants must always be equal to the mass of the products.
Chemical reactions can be place into 4 general categories naming Combination, Decomposition, Single Replacement and Double Replacement.
In Combination, also known as synthesis, 2 or more element or compounds combine to form a more complex substance while in Decomposition, a compound or complex substance is broken down into two or more elements or/and compounds. Combination and Decomposition is the exact opposite or each other.
Single replacement / Substitution / Single displacement is a reaction in which a free element, more active than the element to be replaced, replaces another element is a compound. In Double replacement / Metathesis / Double displacement / Double decomposition, two compounds exchange metallic and nonmetallic portions to form two new compounds.
General Forms
Combination Decomposition Substitution Metathesis
A + B ® C C ® A + B A + BC ® B + AC AB + CD ® AD + CB
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
OBJECTIVES
1. To differentiate an element from a compound
2. To identify an electrolyte and a non-electrolyte
3. To examine the color reactions of different acids and bases to different indicators
4. To define neutralization
5 To prepare ferric oxide sol, sulfur sol, and coconut oil-water emulsion
6. To illustrate Tyndall effect and coagulation of colloidal systems
CONCLUSION
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
OBJECTIVES
1. To differentiate an element from a compound
2. To identify an electrolyte and a non-electrolyte
3. To examine the color reactions of different acids and bases to different indicators
4. To define neutralization
5 To prepare ferric oxide sol, sulfur sol, and coconut oil-water emulsion
6. To illustrate Tyndall effect and coagulation of colloidal systems
CONCLUSION
Upon performing the 3rd experiment, Classification of Matter, I conclude that Elements are the simplest form of atoms and compound is compose of two or more elements through chemical reaction. Where some compounds are Electrolyte, conduct electricity, because they are ionic which allow charges to pass through.
I also conclude that neutralization between acid and base, which can be indicated by the use of different indicators like cabbage and nitromine, reacts to form water and salt.
Tyndall Effect is the scattering of light by a colloidal dispersion. Brownian Movement is a movement which the particles changes speed and direction erratically. Which, colloidal systems can be stable or unstable depending on the tendency of the colloidal system to remaun a true solution.
Matter occupies space and has mass and can be classified as pure substance or a mixture where colloid is a type of mixture and pure substance can either be a element of a compound. Electrolyte is a compound that when dissolved in water, it forms a solution that can conduct electricity.
I also conclude that neutralization between acid and base, which can be indicated by the use of different indicators like cabbage and nitromine, reacts to form water and salt.
Tyndall Effect is the scattering of light by a colloidal dispersion. Brownian Movement is a movement which the particles changes speed and direction erratically. Which, colloidal systems can be stable or unstable depending on the tendency of the colloidal system to remaun a true solution.
Matter occupies space and has mass and can be classified as pure substance or a mixture where colloid is a type of mixture and pure substance can either be a element of a compound. Electrolyte is a compound that when dissolved in water, it forms a solution that can conduct electricity.
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
OBJECTIVES
To demonstrate how to separate the components of a mixture by decantation, filtration evaporation, distillation, adsorption, and sublimation
CONCLUSION
Throughout the experiment, I conclude that mixtures of different substances have different ways in separating them. It depends on what kind of substances ore being mixed together, what state the substance is and which is the solute or the solvent. Decantation, filtration evaporation, distillation, adsorption, and sublimation are the different ways to separate two or more different substances.
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
OBJECTIVES
To demonstrate how to separate the components of a mixture by decantation, filtration evaporation, distillation, adsorption, and sublimation
CONCLUSION
Throughout the experiment, I conclude that mixtures of different substances have different ways in separating them. It depends on what kind of substances ore being mixed together, what state the substance is and which is the solute or the solvent. Decantation, filtration evaporation, distillation, adsorption, and sublimation are the different ways to separate two or more different substances.
BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
OBJECTIVES
1. To use common laboratory apparatus in measuring mass, length, volume, temperature, and density
2. To compute the accuracy and the precision of a set of scientific measurements
3. To apply the concept of significant figures in reporting correctly scientific measurements
CONCLUSION
This experiment helped us how to use basic laboratory apparatus in measuring mass, length, volume, temperature and density. By the use of this measurements, we learned how to compute the accuracy and precision of the results and proper way in reporting in significant figures.
In performing this experiment number 1, Basic Laboratory Techniques, I conclude that in doing laboratory experiment, you are required to have a careful and keen observation plus proper and right laboratory techniques and operations to obtain correct results. Furthermore, using the correct formulas in computing accuracy and precision and reporting it on a right way by using the rules on scientific notation.
BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
OBJECTIVES
1. To use common laboratory apparatus in measuring mass, length, volume, temperature, and density
2. To compute the accuracy and the precision of a set of scientific measurements
3. To apply the concept of significant figures in reporting correctly scientific measurements
CONCLUSION
This experiment helped us how to use basic laboratory apparatus in measuring mass, length, volume, temperature and density. By the use of this measurements, we learned how to compute the accuracy and precision of the results and proper way in reporting in significant figures.
In performing this experiment number 1, Basic Laboratory Techniques, I conclude that in doing laboratory experiment, you are required to have a careful and keen observation plus proper and right laboratory techniques and operations to obtain correct results. Furthermore, using the correct formulas in computing accuracy and precision and reporting it on a right way by using the rules on scientific notation.
Trivia about Rizal
Important Facts:
Ateneo de Manila- formerly the Escuela Pia,a charity schooland also Ateneo municipal
-bitter rival of the Dominican-owned College of San Juan de Letran
Dona Teodora-mother of Jose Rizal who was imprisoned
11 years old- age of Rizal when he started to study in Ateneo
Paciano-brother of Rizal who accompanied him to Manila
Father Magin Ferrando- college registrar who refuse to admit him.
Reasons why he can’t be admitted at first:
-Late for registration
-He was sickly and undersized for his age
House outside Intramuros, on Caraballo Street, 25 minutes walk-the place where Rizal boarded before.
Titay-owner of the boarding house
Jesuit System of Education
-Mass before the beginning of the daily class
-Students were divided into two groups:
Roman Empire-internos(boarders)
-red banner
Carthaginian Empire-externos(non-boarders)
-blue banner
-Ranking:
Emperor-the best student
Tribune-the second best
Decurion-the third best
Centurion-the fourth best
Standard Bearer-the fifth best
-WAYS TO GET A POSITION ON THE RANKING:
a)Any student can challenge any officer in his ‘’ empire’’ to answer questions on the day’s lesson.
b)His opponent could lose his position if he committed three mistakes.
c)Any student might be at the end of the line, but if he studied hard and was brilliant, he could depose the officers one after another and become an emperor.
Rizal’s 1st year in Ateneo(1872-1873)
¬His 1st professor was Fr. Jose Bech.
¬Rizal is placed at the bottom of the claas-he was an externo and joined the Carthaginians occupying the end of the line
¬At the end of the month he became an emperor(was given a prize of a religious picture)
¬He was placed second but his grades are still ‘’excellent’’
Summer Vacation(1873)
¬His sister Neneng(saturnina) brought him in Tanauan to cheer him up.
¬He also visited his mother in prison
¬He returned to Manila at the end of the vacation to attend on his 2nd yr in Ateneo.
2nd year in Ateneo(1873-1874)
¬He regained his lost class leadership and became an emperor.
¬He received excellent grades and a gold medal
¬He again went 2 Calamba for his vacation
Prophecy of Mother’s release
¬He always visits his mother in the jail wherein he cheers up her by his stories about his triumphs in Ateneo.
-Dona Teodora has a dream, Jose interpreted it that fter 3 months her mother would be released in prison.Barely after 3 months her mother was set free.
3rd year in Ateneo(1874-1875)
¬Rizal got only one medal which is in his Latin subject not in his Spanish because he was beaten by a fluent speaker of Spanish.
¬He returned to Calamba for his vacation but unlike the last summer he is frustrated because of his scholastic work.
4th year in Ateneo(1875-1876)
¬June 16, 1875-Rizal become an interno in Ateneo
¬Fr.Francisco de Paula Sanchez-a great educator and scholar-he inspired Jose to study harder and write poetry.
¬He was awarded 5 medals
Last year in Ateneo(1876-1877)
¬He obtained high grades in philosophy,physics, biology,chemistry, languages,mineralogy, etc.
-He was recognized as a truly “the pride of the Jesuits”.
Some Extra-Curricular Activities in Ateneo
-became the secretary of the Marian Congregation and member of the Academy of Spanish Literature.
-he carved an image of The Virgin Mary on a piece of battikuling(Philippine hardwood) with his pocket-knife.
The first poem as an Atenean was the Mi Primera Inspiracion(My First Inspiration) dedicated on his mother on her birthday
Finished the manuscript entitled San Eustacio, Martir(St. Eustace, the Martry)
First Romance of Rizal
-at the age of 16, he fell in love with Segunda Katigbak, a pretty 14 years old Batanguena from Lipa
-Sadly, segunda was already engaged to Manuel Luz
Ateneo de Manila- formerly the Escuela Pia,a charity schooland also Ateneo municipal
-bitter rival of the Dominican-owned College of San Juan de Letran
Dona Teodora-mother of Jose Rizal who was imprisoned
11 years old- age of Rizal when he started to study in Ateneo
Paciano-brother of Rizal who accompanied him to Manila
Father Magin Ferrando- college registrar who refuse to admit him.
Reasons why he can’t be admitted at first:
-Late for registration
-He was sickly and undersized for his age
House outside Intramuros, on Caraballo Street, 25 minutes walk-the place where Rizal boarded before.
Titay-owner of the boarding house
Jesuit System of Education
-Mass before the beginning of the daily class
-Students were divided into two groups:
Roman Empire-internos(boarders)
-red banner
Carthaginian Empire-externos(non-boarders)
-blue banner
-Ranking:
Emperor-the best student
Tribune-the second best
Decurion-the third best
Centurion-the fourth best
Standard Bearer-the fifth best
-WAYS TO GET A POSITION ON THE RANKING:
a)Any student can challenge any officer in his ‘’ empire’’ to answer questions on the day’s lesson.
b)His opponent could lose his position if he committed three mistakes.
c)Any student might be at the end of the line, but if he studied hard and was brilliant, he could depose the officers one after another and become an emperor.
Rizal’s 1st year in Ateneo(1872-1873)
¬His 1st professor was Fr. Jose Bech.
¬Rizal is placed at the bottom of the claas-he was an externo and joined the Carthaginians occupying the end of the line
¬At the end of the month he became an emperor(was given a prize of a religious picture)
¬He was placed second but his grades are still ‘’excellent’’
Summer Vacation(1873)
¬His sister Neneng(saturnina) brought him in Tanauan to cheer him up.
¬He also visited his mother in prison
¬He returned to Manila at the end of the vacation to attend on his 2nd yr in Ateneo.
2nd year in Ateneo(1873-1874)
¬He regained his lost class leadership and became an emperor.
¬He received excellent grades and a gold medal
¬He again went 2 Calamba for his vacation
Prophecy of Mother’s release
¬He always visits his mother in the jail wherein he cheers up her by his stories about his triumphs in Ateneo.
-Dona Teodora has a dream, Jose interpreted it that fter 3 months her mother would be released in prison.Barely after 3 months her mother was set free.
3rd year in Ateneo(1874-1875)
¬Rizal got only one medal which is in his Latin subject not in his Spanish because he was beaten by a fluent speaker of Spanish.
¬He returned to Calamba for his vacation but unlike the last summer he is frustrated because of his scholastic work.
4th year in Ateneo(1875-1876)
¬June 16, 1875-Rizal become an interno in Ateneo
¬Fr.Francisco de Paula Sanchez-a great educator and scholar-he inspired Jose to study harder and write poetry.
¬He was awarded 5 medals
Last year in Ateneo(1876-1877)
¬He obtained high grades in philosophy,physics, biology,chemistry, languages,mineralogy, etc.
-He was recognized as a truly “the pride of the Jesuits”.
Some Extra-Curricular Activities in Ateneo
-became the secretary of the Marian Congregation and member of the Academy of Spanish Literature.
-he carved an image of The Virgin Mary on a piece of battikuling(Philippine hardwood) with his pocket-knife.
The first poem as an Atenean was the Mi Primera Inspiracion(My First Inspiration) dedicated on his mother on her birthday
Finished the manuscript entitled San Eustacio, Martir(St. Eustace, the Martry)
First Romance of Rizal
-at the age of 16, he fell in love with Segunda Katigbak, a pretty 14 years old Batanguena from Lipa
-Sadly, segunda was already engaged to Manuel Luz
Footsteps in Fuerza de Santiago
Footsteps in Fuerza de Santiago
Fort Santiago, or Moog ng Santiago in Tagalog, is a defense fortress built for Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi. The fort is part of the structures of the walled city of Intramuros. José Rizal was imprisoned in the fort before his execution in 1896. The site features, embedded onto the ground in bronze, his final footsteps representing the walk from his cell to the location of the actual execution.
It wasn’t my first time visiting Fort Santiago, I’ve been there once way back. So to refresh my memories on the Fort Santiago, I revisit it again. I guess luck was not on our side because after asking a lot of people where is Fort Santiago, the pedicab/side-car driver told us that he can bring us there. I don’t buy it because even though that I know is inside Intramuros, I think pedicab can’t take us there on a normal rate. After a lot of chatting and arguments, we’ve decided to go. It was almost 7 at night when we arrived at the Fort but we didn’t realized that it might have be closed. We just took some photos outside to decrease our depression a little.
Finally, it was afternoon when we depart Mapua. This time we are very sure that the Fort Santiago is open. Before entering, a slogan captured my attention saying “Reliving Intramuros Today”, I felt some good vibes and hoping that I can, somehow, feel what Rizal and other people are feeling during their time. There are so many things that you can find inside the Fort Santiago like cannons, huge guns, war machines and tanks that might have been used during the 2nd world war. Structures are well preserved and my thoughts are telling me what kind of architecture are used during their time. I also found some weird stuff all over the place like the footprints embed on the asphalt road inside Fort Santiago but then I realized that Jose Rizal was actually executed here and it might be the representation of the last footsteps of Jose Rizal. I tried to follow the footprints and feel what Rizal is actually feeling while he was walking knowing that he will be, indeed, executed. It scares me, I realized how courage was Rizal while walking through this long path knowing that it would be the last time he can walk on our planet alive or is he just have no choice but to follow the Spanish people because if he, somehow, attempt to escape, the Spanish troops will, what else, kill him.
My vibes were right, I somehow felt to like live during their time and especially the last minutes of Jose Rizal breathing. Overall, it was a wonderful experience for me. It worth what we’ve paid for and hopefully future generations will have a chance to see what we have seen in The Fort Santiago.
Rizal’s Ancestry
Rizal’s Ancestry
The entire Chinese population of the Philippines had several times been almost wiped out by the . Although overcrowding was mainly the cause of the Chinese immigration, the considerations already described seem to have influenced the better class of emigrants who incorporated themselves with the Filipinos from 1642 on through the 18th century. The patriot Chinese in Manila retained the ancient style, which somewhat resembled the way Koreans arrange their hair. Those who became Christians cut the hair short and wore European hats, otherwise using the clothing (blue cotton for the poor, silk for the richer and felt-soled shoes) still considered characteristically Chinese.
The city was said by later writers to be large and beautiful and to contain half a million inhabitants, "candid, open and friendly people, especially friendly and polite to foreigners." It was situated forty miles from the sea, in the province of Fokien, the rocky coast of which has been described as resembling Scotland, and its sturdy inhabitants seem to have borne some resemblance to the Scotch in their love of liberty. The district now is better known by its present port of Amoy.
Among the Chinese the significance of a name counts for much and it is always safe to seek a reason for the choice of a name. The Lam-co family were not given to the practice of taking the names of their god-parents. Mercado recalls both an honest Spanish encomendero of the region, also named Francisco, and a worthy mestizo Friar, now remembered for his botanical studies, but it is not likely that these influenced Domingo Lam-co in choosing this name for his son. He gave his boy a name which in the careless Castilian of the country was but a Spanish translation of the Chinese name by which his ancestors had been called. Sangley, Mercado and Merchant mean much the same; Francisco therefore set out in life with a surname that would free him from the prejudice that followed those with Chinese names, and yet would remind him of his Chinese ancestry. This was wisdom, for seldom are men who are ashamed of their ancestry any credit to it.
The family history has to be gleaned from partially preserved parochial registers of births, marriages and deaths, incomplete court records, the scanty papers of the estates, a few land transfers, and some stray writings that accidentally have been preserved with the latter. The next event in Domingo's life which is revealed by them is a visit to Manila where in the old Parian church he acted as sponsor, or godfather, at the baptism of a countryman, and a new convert, Siong-co, whose granddaughter was, we shall see, to marry a grandson of Lam-co's, the couple becoming Rizal's grandparents.
Francisco was a grown man when his mother died and was buried with the elaborate ceremonies which her husband's wealth permitted. There was a coffin, a niche in which to put it, chanting of the service and special prayers. All these involved extra cost, and the items noted in the margin of her funeral record make a total which in those days was a considerable sum. Domingo outlived Mrs. Lam-co by but a few years, and he also had, for the time, an expensive funeral.
Summary of Noli Me Tangere
Summary of Noli Me Tangere
Crisostomo Ibarra is the heir of a wealthy clan. He returns to the Philippines after studying for seven years abroad. He hears news/gossip about the death of his father, Don Rafael Ibarra. Don Rafael was sent to prison in connection with the death of a tax collector. Since Don Rafael stopped receiving holy communion for a long time, he was refused a Catholic/Christian burial by Padre Damaso, the parish priest of their town.
Crisostomo (let's just call him Ibarra from hereon) sees the lack of progress in his town and decides to build a school to teach and prepare his townspeople. Tandang Tacio (the old philosopher) notes that there have been many attempts to build a school in the past, but all these had failed. Padre Salvi opposes the plan because he is secretly worried that the school project will threaten the power he wields over their town.
Ibarra almost gets killed while he is laying the cornerstone of the school, but Elias saved him. Elias is the mysterious fellow who also saved Ibarra previously.
With so many powerful enemies, Ibarra eventually gets implicated in a staged revolution, and is hunted down by the guardia civil. Maria Clara, Ibarra's sweetheart, unwittingly adds to Ibarra's woes when she switches Ibarra's letter with another letter that reveals her true nature.
The guardia civil catch up with Ibarra, and drizzle him and Elias with bullets near the lake. Ibarra survives and buries Elias in the forest owned by the clan of Ibarra. The guardia civil think Ibarra drowned and died in the lake and promptly leave the scene.
Maria Clara thinks Ibarra really died, gets depressed, and enters the nunnery. She does not follow the advice of Padre Damaso to marry Linares.
Symbolism of the Noli me Tangere Cover
The Manuscript Cover of NOLI ME TANGERE, designed by RIZAL
At the top, all that is best in Philippine life: woman, symbolizing constancy, religious faith symbolized by the tombstone, with a laurel (courage) and the flower of the pomelo, worn by bride and groom at a wedding and symbolizing purity.
The words partly covered by the title are the secret, inner dedication by Rizal to his parents, the complete text being probably: 'A mis P(adres.) al escribir e(sta obra he estado) pensando continuamente e(n vosotros que me) habeis
infundido los (primeros pensamientos) y las primeras ideas; a (vosotros os dedi)co este manuscrito de me (joventud com p)rueba de amor. Berlin, (21 de Febrero de) 1887.
To the left of the title, the flower mirasol, representing youth seeking the sun. The author's name, meaning the green of renewal, mounting up into the green of the most enduring of all Philippine trees, the bamboo. At the bottom, all that is worst in Philippine life: the helmet of the Civil Guard, the whip and instruments of torture, and the foot of a friar.
At the top, all that is best in Philippine life: woman, symbolizing constancy, religious faith symbolized by the tombstone, with a laurel (courage) and the flower of the pomelo, worn by bride and groom at a wedding and symbolizing purity.
The words partly covered by the title are the secret, inner dedication by Rizal to his parents, the complete text being probably: 'A mis P(adres.) al escribir e(sta obra he estado) pensando continuamente e(n vosotros que me) habeis
infundido los (primeros pensamientos) y las primeras ideas; a (vosotros os dedi)co este manuscrito de me (joventud com p)rueba de amor. Berlin, (21 de Febrero de) 1887.
To the left of the title, the flower mirasol, representing youth seeking the sun. The author's name, meaning the green of renewal, mounting up into the green of the most enduring of all Philippine trees, the bamboo. At the bottom, all that is worst in Philippine life: the helmet of the Civil Guard, the whip and instruments of torture, and the foot of a friar.
The Fort Santiago Reaction Paper
“An Opportunity to Walk in the Past in Fort Santiago”
Reminiscing the past is one great way to rest ourselves. A great example for this is visiting a famous tourist spot in Intramuros, the Fort Santiago. It is known as a relaxing place where one can really feel what happened in the past for it is where kingdom of Rajah Suliman, chieftain of Manila of pre-Spanish era, once located; it’s reconstruction for Spanish conquistador by Miguel López de Legazpi; and the fortress where Rizal was imprisoned. But aside from those facts, what is really in it that makes it a known visiting place for local and international tourist?
It’s sad to say that at first when we first try to visit the place, it was already closed. So we just took some pictures outside. Fortunately, it’s open when we visit it the other day. It was a unique experience walking in a historical venue where many not so good happened in the past for many lived and died there during the colonization times. Outside, there’s a sign board entitled “Reliving Intramuros Today” containing brief information about the walled city and three pictures. Upon entering, the first thing that attracted my attention was the beautiful park. In the middle, there’s an oasis of spring water and palm trees. Old ruins, canons and guns also surround the big courtyard. On the left side from the entrance, there are war machines that were used in the World War II before. After crossing the channel, there’s a smaller courtyard, considered as one of the beautiful gardens in Manila, where one can peak the magnificent view of the Pasig River and the Rizal Shrine Museum, in honor of our national hero, at the side. Not so far, there’s the memorial to those 600 bodies buried in a mass grave by the Japanese during World War II. As I entered, I felt weird together with some sort of creepy feeling. I think it must be the quiet place that was causing it because many died there. It made me think of the people that suffered before just for us to get our precious freedom today. It was an exhausting trip but a worthwhile for I enjoyed this sight-seeing even though I’m already tired.
I think some of the factors why this is a famous place are the affordable entrance fee, P50 for adults and P25 for students and teacher, making it one of a must visit place even for those intact in their budgets; the great view of different sceneries like the Pasig river; and it’s a reserved place from the past where one can see what is like living in the Spanish to the Japanese colonization period because of the old ruins and canons. Overall, the Fort Santiago is a must visit place for education, relaxing and interesting unique experience that must be shared to others.
The message of the Fort Santiago is very clear. It’s to appreciate the past for it is what leads us to the present and the future. Yes, it’s an old place but many historical events happened there. From the past mistakes, we can now act and correct it if ever it will happen again. As we see the old ruins, we can easily remember what happened in that place. Walking around there makes us think again to live the life we want to avoid having regrets in the future just like what Rizal did. We must never forget that many people suffered to achieve the freedom we enjoyed today. Indeed, this place is a great escapade with a lesson from the busy life in Manila to the beautiful Fort Santiago.
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